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- <text id=93CT1793>
- <title>
- Madagascar--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Southern Africa
- Madagascar
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> The written history of Madagascar began in the seventh
- century A.D., when the Arabs established trading posts in the
- coastal areas. In the 1500s, a Portuguese sea captain, Diego
- Diaz, sighted the island after his ship became separated from a
- fleet bound for India. In the late 17th century, the French
- established trading posts along the east coast. From about 1774
- to 1824, it was a favorite haunt for pirates, including
- Americans, one of whom brought Malagasy rice to South Carolina.
- </p>
- <p> Beginning in the 1790s, the Merina rulers succeeded in
- establishing hegemony over the major part of the island
- including the coast. The Merina ruler and the British Governor
- of Mauritius concluded a treaty abolishing the slave trade,
- which had been important in Madagascar's economy, and in return
- the island received British military assistance. British
- influence remained strong for several decades, during which the
- Merina court was converted to Anglicanism.
- </p>
- <p> The British accepted the imposition of a French protectorate
- over Madagascar in 1885 as part of an overall definition of
- spheres of influence in the area. Absolute French control was
- established by military force in 1895-96, and the Merina
- monarchy was abolished.
- </p>
- <p> Malagasy troops fought in France, Morocco, and Syria during
- World War I. After France fell in 1942, Madagascar was
- administered first by the Vichy government and then by the
- British, whose troops occupied the strategic island to preclude
- its seizure by the Japanese. The Free French received the
- island from the United Kingdom in 1943. In 1947, with French
- prestige at low ebb, a nationalist uprising spread extensively
- over the east coast and was suppressed only after several
- months of bitter fighting. The French subsequently established
- reformed institutions in 1956 under the Loi Cadre (Overseas
- Reform Act), and Madagascar moved peacefully toward
- independence. The Malagasy Republic was proclaimed on October
- 14, 1958, as an autonomous state within the French Community. A
- period of provisional government ended with the adoption of a
- constitution in 1959 and full independence in 1960.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> After gaining power at independence, former President
- Philibert Tsiranana's Social Democrat Party gradually increased
- its authority in national and provincial life. In March 1972,
- President Tsiranana won re-election without opposition. However,
- rising political and social tension resulted in massive
- anti-government demonstrations in May 1972. President Tsiranana
- resigned, and Gen. Gabriel Ramanantsoa became head of
- government.
- </p>
- <p> On February 5, 1975, after several weeks of tensions caused
- by economic stagnation and personal and ethnic rivalries,
- President Ramanantsoa resigned, handling over full executive
- powers to Lt. Col. Richard Ratsimandrava, who formed a new
- cabinet. The immediate transition was peaceful, but
- Ratsimandrava was assassinated on February 11. Soon after, Maj.
- Gen. Gilles Andriamahazo formed a provisional, 18-member
- Military Directory with representation from all of the
- provinces. This government suppressed an open rebellion by a
- dissident police unit suspected of responsibility for the
- Ratsimandrava assassination. A trail was held in which almost
- 300 persons were accused of complicity in the assassination,
- but most were later released or found not guilty. In June 1975,
- a new interim government was formed by former Foreign Minister
- Didier Ratsiraka, who then organized a December 21 referendum in
- order to establish the present constitution.
- </p>
- <p> Eleven years after the proclamation of the Charter for the
- Malagasy Socialist Revolution and the reorganizations of
- government to conform with its principles, Madagascar is still
- developing politically. The state is ruled by consensus under
- Adm. Dider Ratsiraka, who came to power following the revolution
- that began in 1972 and culminated in 1975 with the assassination
- of Col. Ratsimandrava. National elections were held in 1982,
- giving President Ratsiraka a second 7-year term, and in 1983 a
- new National Assembly was elected. Although there was some
- political opposition to the President and his party during the
- elections--notably, in the failure of a large part of the
- electorate in Antananarivo to vote for the President--it did
- not represent a threat to his firm control over the country.
- Only limited and restrained political opposition is tolerated,
- not direct criticism of the President, and the press is still
- subject to censure when dealing with sensitive political topics.
- Freedom of expression has improved during the past year for the
- four principal daily newspapers and the country's many
- periodicals.
- </p>
- <p> There is universal suffrage in Madagascar, and all persons
- over age 18 are entitled to vote in national, regional, and
- local elections. The President's efforts to transform
- Madagascar into a single-party state led by the National Front
- for the Defense of the Revolution have not brought the
- anticipated results, and political parties have maintained
- diverse views, ranging from Marxist on the left to Christian
- democratic on the right. In the midst of a difficult economic
- reform program that has yet to bring relief to a struggling
- population, politicians have spoken out and called on the
- government to resolve the difficult problems facing Madagascar.
- With vigorous debates and a negative vote against a presidential
- proposal in the 1985 and 1986 sessions of the National Assembly,
- Assembly members have shown that the Assembly has become less
- of a rubber-stamp organization. Politicians have become more
- willing to speak out on issues, such as famine in the south,
- that are an embarrassment to the present regime. Nevertheless,
- the government clings to its socialist philosophy, and strong
- criticism against its policies and remains muted.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- August 1987.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-